Back to the Moon

Over thirty years after America’s first arrived on the moon, the current President of the United States, George W. Bramble, as of late reported his arrangement of sending American space travelers back to the moon (BBC News). The President’s target is to achieve this objective continuously 2015 (Lane, 2004). The venture can be supposed to be only fundamental to Bush’s increasingly ostentatious arrangement, which is to set up the investigation to Mars. In addition, the program additionally expects to compensate for the misfortunes experienced by the United States space program, for example, the Columbia transport fiasco (BBC News).The Columbia debacle provoked Bush and a gathering of organization authorities to build up another arrangement that would utilize the current space transports to â€Å"complete get together of the International Space Station (ISS) by 2010† (Lane, 2004). Shrubbery uncovered his new vision for the United States human space program in a discourse conveyed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) base camp. He required the retirement of the space transport to give path for building new space vehicles that would, later on, permit travel to Mars (Lane, 2004).The space transport is relied upon to fly in around 13 or 14 additional missions before its normal retirement in 2010 (Hunt, 2007; BBC News). Bush’s vision additionally requires the utilization of robots and human labor in the investigation of the moon. A definitive point of the vision is to set up the moon as a living base and to create implies for investigations to Mars (BBC News). The Space Shuttle The space transport is a brainchild of upgrades and creations in rocketry. The art contains three principle motors that give tremendous measures of power contrasted with past spacecrafts.It additionally brags of a reusable motor and motors that weighs delicately thinking about their capacity (The History of Moon Exploration). Thinking abo ut its qualities, it is no big surprise that Boeing gloats of it as the â€Å"most modern human-evaluated dispatch vehicle throughout the entire existence of room flight† (Boeing). The space transport had its first trip in 1981, and from that point forward it had the option to help in excess of a hundred missions including several space explorers (Boeing). Boeing claims that the rocket despite everything has 75 percent of its plan life to save (Boeing).The space transport assumes a significant job in supporting the International Space Station, being the ISS’ overwhelming lift freight vehicle. The space transport is answerable for having lifted the now existing structure in circle, which involves 66% of the ISS (Boeing). Bramble needs to resign the space transport by 2010 at the most punctual, trusting that by then the International Space Station is as of now complete (Hunt, 2007; BBC News). Shrubbery likewise trusts that by the said time, the Crew Exploration Vehicle a s of now gets operational (Hunt, 2007; BBC News).However, before such objectives are acknowledged and as long as the van stays safe to carry on its assignments, it will stay as the essential shuttle helping the United States’ ventures towards space (Boeing). Picture 2. The Space Shuttle. Photograph recovered March 6, 2007, from www. boeing. com/†¦/hsfe_shuttle/what_is. html The Crew Exploration Vehicle Bush’s vision is a reverberation of a comparative dream by his dad in 1989, which didn't happen as intended on the grounds that the quotes swelled up to $400 billion (Lane, 2004).Working on the reason that the craving to investigate is a piece of human character, Bush said that his fantasy is to fabricate space vehicles that could go a long ways past the limit of the space transport, which just arrives at 386 miles (Lane, 2004). Hedge in this way declared his arrangements to build up another rocket called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). This vehicle would be the first to take man to space since the Apollo spaceships (BBC News). The CEV is required to be an adaptable run vehicle that could convey American groups in a crucial to be embraced in 2014 or 2015.The CEV is relied upon to start flight tests continuously 2008 (Lane, 2004). The CEV’s look is intended to look comparably with the projectile like style of the Apollo-style order module (Lane, 2004). Beside the structure, notwithstanding, NASA overseer Sean O'Keefe says that no plan has yet been affirmed in regards to the method of keeping the CEV helped noticeable all around (Lane, 2004). Robots in Space It is accepted by some that automated investigation is more useful than human investigation, since the previous is more affordable (The Washington Post Writers Group, 2007).Moreover, Professor Robert Park of the University of Maryland guarantee that robots have less physical confinements than people, which implies robots have better odds of finding logical finds over people (BBC N ews). Significantly different nations that spend assets on space investigations, for example, China and Russia, are urged to utilize robots in such endeavors (BBC News). There are current endeavors utilizing robots in space investigation. Just as of late, the United States praised the effective arriving of its robot wanderer Spirit on Mars (BBC News). Budgetary ConstraintsSince the past space plans figured by Bush’s father fizzled due to budgetary limitations (Lane, 2004), Bush is mindful so as to get around a similar downside. Normally, gigantic activities, for example, space investigations would cost heaps of cash and different assets. In this way, Bush’s yearning new vision would involve changes on the current spending plan of the NASA. The NASA as of now has a five-year spending plan. Be that as it may, Bush demands a $1 billion lift on this financial plan (Lane, 2004). This implies extra $200 million every year would be assigned for the venture (Lane, 2004).This a dds up to a 5% yearly increment to NASA’s current financial plan, which adds up to $15. 4 billion every year (BBC News). An ascent of another 1% after the initial three years is additionally mentioned by the U. S. President (BBC News). It is accounted for that Bush needs that $11 billion from the current spending plan be reserved for his new vision (Lane, 2004). The specific expense of the vision was not given (BBC News), however one thing is sure: the financial plan would need to be endorsed by Congress. (Path, 2004). The White House, in any case, keeps up that a â€Å"sustained center over time† would help save the financial plan for the investigation under wraps (Lane, 2004).There is likewise a need to reorient the current projects of NASA, so NASA would not surpass its present spending, which just adds up to under 1 percent of the government financial plan, regardless of the extra objective (Lane, 2004). The Orion Currently, a boat has been worked to convey people to the moon. This rocket, called the Orion, is booked to make a big appearance in 2014 (Hunt, 2007). Notwithstanding, budgetary requirements will cause a postponement of around four to a half year. The Orion is currently set to fly in 2015 (Hunt, 2007).NASA head Michael Griffin expressed that Congress just endorsed the sum in NASA’s spending plan in 2006, which implies that the affirmed financial plan is $545 million shy of Bush’s demand (Hunt, 2007). NASA doesn't invite this absence of subsidizing and the attending delay in the venture, as key and down to earth concerns, for example, the corruption of gear and offices, attack the organization (Hunt, 2007). A Brief History of Explorations to the Moon A concise audit of the advancement of moon investigation is all together, with the goal that an unmistakable point of view can be had regarding the respectability and utility of Bush’s proposed space exploration.Chinese cosmologists were maybe the primary individual s to see the Moon. For a great many years, man has been spellbound by the Moon, and man’s interest for it has been first soothed by the development of the telescope in 1609 (The History of Moon Exploration). The telescope, created by Leppershey, mentioned careful objective facts conceivable in spite of the tremendous separation between the Earth and the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). In any case, this innovation was a twofold edged blade: man built up a considerably increasingly serious interest for the moon, driving man to dream of some time or another going to the far off spot (The History of Moon Exploration).Because of the huge separation of the Moon from the Earth, arriving at it would just be conceivable through flight. Shockingly, air transportation took a long time to be completely evolved. The notable creation of the Wright siblings can be viewed as the initial move towards space travel, since they developed the plane, which permitted man to fly (The History of Moon Exploration). In 1943, another achievement in space investigation happened with the advancement of rocketry by Von Braun. Braun was liable for the A 4, which was the main effective ballistic rocket (The History of Moon Exploration).Despite the United States’ introduction to the most recent innovation at that point, for example, the rocketry of Braun, it was Russia that made one of the most huge advancements in space investigation. 1957 saw the dispatch of Sputnik I, which was the main fake satellite in space (The History of Moon Exploration). Russia was likewise the first to take photos of the Moon. In 1959, its Luna satellites had the option to get photos of the furthest side of the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). In 1963, the United States followed in the undertaking of getting pictures in space.Its Mariner Series satellites had the option to get point by point pictures of Venus, and after a year, of Mars (The History of Moon Exploration). Saturn rockers we re the close to be created by the United States; these rockets were later used to control the Apollo Missions (The History of Moon Exploration). The nation additionally wandered into structuring moon landing vehicles, and was effective with Surveyor 6 and the Lunar Module, which demonstrated that rocketry could carry man to the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration).The United States is likewise liable for the Command and Service Module, a vehicle intended for the outing back to Earth from the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). Man’s First Walk on t

Literature Research and PICO Question Annotated Bibliography

Writing Research and PICO Question - Annotated Bibliography Example In reality, the creators contended that finding out the desires or decisions of the patient for their consideration is a major prerequisite in building up a powerful consideration plan. The investigation found that around 42% of the 380 members with cutting edge malignancy favored palliative consideration of an increasingly traditionalist nature, with the said level of patients really picking just a couple of methods of treatment. In any case, notwithstanding this inclination, the creators likewise took a gander at what segment attributes foresee the chance of a decision among CPM and AAMM. Maida, et al. (2010) found that more youthful, non-Caucasian malignant growth patients who have with them substitute leaders (SDM) are bound to lean toward increasingly forceful methods for adapting to the illness condition. This examination was picked as a critical writing since it meant to measure the attributes and inclinations of patients with their finish of-life care. Thusly, the investigation gives a rich foundation to the PIO question investigating which could be progressively successful in giving solace toward the finish of life, CPM or AAMM, as saw by the patients themselves. Rose, J. H., O’Toole, E. E., Dawson, N. V., Lawrence, R., Gurley, D., Thomas, C., et al. (2004). Points of view, Preferences, Care Practices, and Outcomes Among Older and Middle-Aged Patients With Late-Stage Cancer. Diary of Clinical Oncology, 22 (24), 4907-4917. Much like the previous examination by Maida, et al. (2010), this examination planned to investigate the inclinations of terminal malignant growth patients in their consideration toward the finish of life. Be that as it may, this investigation adopted a progressively subjective strategy, really investigating the inclinations for the consideration of the patients, and the degree by which these inclinations were seen to have given solace to the patient before their passing. By using a more inside and out investigation of the apparent viability of various palliative strategies, the scientists had the option to bring up which techniques were best in advancing solace

Meal Planning for Eating Disorder Recovery

Meal Planning for Eating Disorder Recovery Eating Disorders Treatment Print Meal Planning for Eating Disorder Recovery Learn How to Plan Meals to Support Your Recovery By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Updated on December 25, 2018 Gary Burchell, Taxi, Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In our modern, faced-paced society, in which food is plentiful, many of us become accustomed to eating on the go, not stocking our kitchens, and ordering in or eating fast food. While for most people these choices are a matter of convenience, patients in recovery from an eating disorder must focus on being more structured and deliberate about their food choices. Meal planning is a critical skill for recovery from all eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED).?? It is important not only for adults who are working on their own recovery, but also for parents or caregivers who are helping a child, adolescent, or young adult with their recovery. Recovery from all eating disorders requires the normalization of regular eating patterns.?? This is best accomplished through planned and structured eating. In residential and inpatient settings, meals are typically provided for patients. But for patients recovering in the outpatient setting, this must usually be done on one’s own. And of course, all patients must transition out of higher levels of care into the outpatient setting and take this on for themselves eventually. In CBT-E, one of the most successful evidence-based treatments for eating disorders, the general advice is for clients to eat every four hours and to plan ahead.?? Some people with eating disorders avoid food shopping because it makes them anxious. They may end up not eating enough. Other people with eating disorders avoid keeping their kitchens stocked because they are afraid of binge eating. They may wind up letting themselves get too hungry and then bingeing on processed foods or ordering in food and overeating. For parents with a child in recovery, meals can be stressful. Parents can feel overwhelmed with the constant meal preparation and serving. They may also need to supervise their child to make sure their child is not overexercising or engaging in other eating disorder behaviors. They may have limited time to shop and prepare meals. Planning ahead becomes even more critical. Because many of the healthier foods are perishable, planning ahead and stocking fresh fruits and vegetables may improve health.?? Meal planning is often cost-effective as compared to leaving food decisions to the last minute. Most people in recovery find that they must go to the supermarket at least once per week. Planning appropriately can prevent the need for additional trips. Even if you will not be cooking, meal planning is still important. And if you are taking care of someone with an eating disorder, meal planning is essential for you. Strategies for Adults Who Are in Recovery Once a week, take 10 minutes to plan out at least 5 lunches and 5 dinners to get you through the week. If you ultimately want to move them around and have your Wednesday dinner on Tuesday instead â€" no problem, you will have the ingredients you will need on hand.Make a list of the ingredients you need to buy to make those meals â€" this can be actual recipes you will cook or prepared items you will assemble for the meal.Plan to do at least one large shopping per week to get you through the bulk of the week’s meals. You may have to do one additional “fill-in” shopping trip.If you are shopping and meal planning for one and don’t want to cook, healthy, delicious, and balanced meals can easily be put together from the prepared sections of almost any market.If you plan to have some meals out, include where and what in your plan.Have at least two different breakfast options you can alternate.Don’t forget to plan for your snacks.If you are following a meal plan, you may have fewe r decisions to make, but you will still want to sit down once per week and make a shopping list based on your meal plan.Your meal plan does not need to be set-in-stone.?? You can always include room for a spontaneous event that arises, but you dont want to be in the position where you arrive home tired after work and have no idea what to make for dinner. Meal-Planning Strategies for Caregivers Supporting a Child in Recovery On a weekly basis, sit down and make a plan for the family’s meals for the week.Plan at least 4 to 5 dinners for the entire family weekly; try meals with components, which can be adjusted to each eater’s needs and preferences simply and cost-effectively (examples include tacos; or pasta with sauce, meatballs, and a vegetable)Plan out 5 of your child’s lunches to get you through each weekday.Have at least two breakfast options you can alternate.Buy enough ingredients for all of your child’s snacks.If your child is needing to gain weight, they will commonly need a lot of food so plan accordingly?? A helpful tool for meal planning (for both individuals and families) is available free online. Look under meal planning, and download Weekly Meal Planning/ Shopping List. For both adults and adolescents with eating disorders, those families who prioritize and make the time for regular meal planning and shopping make better progress in treatment. Registered Dietitians (RDNs) can assist with meal planning for recovery. Patients and families may also want to consider additional meal support  when the patient is having trouble completing meals on his or her own.

How Athletics Have Become An Important Social Context Of...

Athletics have become an increasingly important social context of adolescence and growing up. Many children are introduced to recreation athletics at a young age and thus learn both physical competence, and social skills while also having fun (Weiss, 2000). It is often the case that once individuals graduate from high school they cease their athletic career in exchange for greater focus on academics. If being part of a collegiate team actually helps an individual develop, would that encourage more athletes to continue their career? In Foubert and Grainger’s (2006) study, it was reported that students who participate in extra-curricular activities exhibit increased levels of acceptance and tolerance towards their peers. Another study by†¦show more content†¦This becomes crucial to both their development and the way they adjust to the college environment (Adams, et al., 2000). Since support is so important to student development, it is crucial to look at all vectors tha t can provide this support. When looking at college athletics as a source of support, it may come from teammates, coaches, or the atmosphere as a whole. By receiving support, whichever vector it may come from, a solid base for identity exploration development can be provided to students (Grau, Azmitia Quattlebaum, 2009). This study will focus on the stage theory that Erik Erikson first introduced in 1950 as a series of stages outlining the psychosocial development of an individual (McLeod, 2008). This theory is comprised of an individual’s advancements in thought, behavior and emotional abilities. One particular advantage to using this theory is that it gives researchers the ability to identify which environments are most suitable for identity development. Multiple studies have looked into the role that social niches have on an individual’s identity development, but few have specifically looked at the psychosocial development of athletes compared to their non-athlete peers. In Sheridan, Coffee, and Lavallee’s (2014) study they reported that a positive athletic environment fostered an increased social developmental level in youths. With such increased

Kallie Szczepanski - ThoughtCo

Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Yogic Techniques for...

The topic I chose to focus on for my research Masters Project is â€Å"Exploring the therapeutic effects of yogic techniques for stress management†. I choose this topic because I am particularly interested in stress and anxiety-related mental and physical disorders with the use of yogic techniques. I also choose this topic as little is known about the beneficial effects of a yoga practice and self-care as an alternative to medication interventions. Within the area of Social Care, the use of yogic techniques can be extremely beneficial through creative approach for both service users and social care workers. The need for alternative approaches to self-care in the field of social care can be achieved through the use of yogic techniques to help with stress management. The health benefits of yoga can help to reduce stress and anxiety, enhancing mood and wellbeing and reduce the risk factors for chronic disorders. Yogic techniques relocate focus and attention to the body and breath and can help to calm anxiety while releasing physical tension. Overall, the use of yogic techniques can be used over a wide population of people, varying in all ages, gender and physical limitations. The need for alternative medicines in which individuals can learn self-care rather than the use of medications is needed. Stress and anxiety falls under the category of non-communicable conditions. They are not infectious but are long in duration and usually slowly progressive. They are estimated to account

Child Development for Spiritual and Cognitive - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theChild Development for Spiritual and Cognitive Behaviour. Answer: Introduction Understanding child development is very crucial to any given guardian or a parent to understand the emotional, physical, spiritual and cognitive behaviour of the child. Various scholars has tried to explain different theories that explain what happens at each level. If a child is fixated at any given age level it leads to erotic behaviour. The following written material shows how the three years old girl is linked to theories of development. Physical development Ruby is always happy when cutting, sticking or colouring. She is more attracted to her toy than anything else and she spends a lot of time making clothes and food for them. She always finds her mum to help her put buttons and put on shoes to her toy. Ruby is seen to like to wear her lovely batman outfit, she does this always upon her aunts visit to her home. Ruby also loves her favourite dress that makes her feel highly appreciated. She always likes to wear that dress when going out. Rubys behaviour can be derived from the theoretical framework of infant development. According to Garvis et al., (2017) he suggested that physical environment starts from an intermediate of a child and entails development of motor skills for example running ,climbing trees and pedalling the bicycle. Boys are said to develop the motor skills very fast compared to the girls. Ruby a three years old girl, she is energetic and is always found playing with other children, she is also seen trying to ride her bicycle just like the boys within their area do. Ruby is seen making an attempt to climb on a jungle gym but it is very hard for her. Ruby has some of the skills listed in the theory like ridding bicycle and buttoning up the clothes for her toy and also feeding them. Cognitive development The mind development is seen in our study little girl Ruby, she waits for her dad to come back since the dad like to have a rough and tumble on the floor. Ruby loves playing with the elder brother and tries to copy him when he is doing his homework. She loves talking much with her mother and enjoys other things such as visiting the library, baking, reading books and also playing make believe when she pretends to be Dorothy and her mum as the captain feather sword. it's also seen how ruby starts to remember the major words in her favourite book and most of the times she points some words that are linked to the pictures. The cognitive behaviour shown by Ruby can be closely linked to the theory of cognitive development by Piaget According to Sigelman et al., (2016) suggested that young children according to Piaget's theory when they are in the preoperational stage they show an advancement in thinking but they are not in a position to hold a very complex relationship. For example, the child cannot understand that the dad at one time was a little kid of her grandmother. Ruby is sometimes given the puzzle to fill by her father, he gave her either one big chocolate fish or gave her five tiny chocolate fish but ruby instead chose five fishes. The second time she was given two things, a short and fat glass of juice but she chooses the tall thin glass. The cognitive perspective the young children can benefit from both sensory and motor schemes for their little to a more complex thought (DeVellis, R. F., 2016). The preoperational reasoning is seen from about two to six years and is reflected by a change by use of symbolic thinking that allows children to interact with other children, to be able to use language, children try to play with their imaginations. The child may also not be able to understand that her brother is also his sister brother. In order to understand this complex closeness, the child needs a cognitive ability that is beyond preoperational reasoning. Those kids in preoperational stage are prone to making many errors and some of them include centration, egocentrism, animism, and irreversibility. According to Piaget's sensorimotor tasks they bring down children or the infants cognitive potential. His practical aspect of preoperational thinking also underrates infants. He argues that infant's tasks depend much on the language rather than his or her any action. Social culture development Ruby always copies what the brother does. Copying is part of social culture view. She always likes to associate with the teachers and she loves them. Socially she is developing even we can see her taking cleaning responsibility. As we can see from development theory we can then link the behaviour to the theory of Vygotsky. The social culture development was developed by Vygotsky (Levykh, M. G., 2008). The social culture theory determines how we see a thing and how we become. What children becomes, not from what they do but what they learn when they associate with others. According to him, the social culture perspective is that, the social experiences that the child develops they get it from their experiences. Emotional development According to our text ruby goes to early childhood centre and sometimes finds it difficult to tell her mum goodbye, she pleads her mother not to leave her and sometimes gets angry. Ruby likes when her favourite toy is brought from home and hold it close to her. Although she is clever in a way she gets disappointed at times. She is able to express her emotion in words. her parents are very good listener's since they listen to her always and consider her views about what she needs to eat maybe in lunch, what she will have to do in the afternoon. If ruby doesn't find what she desires she goes to bed. Sometimes she is allowed to read her favourite if her dad had already read the story and told them good night. We can link her behaviour with the theory that was developed by Erik Erikson. This theory explains how the inborn qualities of a child and the environment relate to influence a behaviour. Erik dealt with social culture and developed eight stages of psychosocial development (Garvis, S., Nislev, E., 2017). He said that in order for a child to go to the next level he or she needs to overcome some problems that arise from it and if one fails to do so it affects the future development. The most important thing as a parent is how to determine a child's spiritual attitude as they move up and grow. Between the age of three and five the cycle social crises as initiative versus guilt (Sigelman et al., (2016). The child can know what is wrong and right. Spiritual development Spiritual development is very crucial to childs life, spiritual growth is dependent on the environment the child grows. Ruby loves to be supportive and shows creativity by irrigating equipment and the farm and cleaning dishes after the meal. She is happy to move to the centre since she loved all the teachers, children and amazing equipment's. She finds it hard to leave her teacher in the centre but was able to change slowly and adapt to the change. Ruby spiritual development can be linked with the theory that was developed by Bronfenbrenner. He views how the child develops in a given environment within a system that he or she relates with. Bronfenbrenner gives a clear definition of the layers of the environment, each with an implication on the kid's growth of a child. The theory has been named as "bio ecological systems theory" to put emphasis on the baby's biology in an initial environment promoting her growth. The relations between the factor promoting maturity in the child's biology, the close family or community ecosystem and the societies background promotes and drives the child's growth and development. Changes or struggles in one layer will flow throughout the other layers (Tudge, J. R., 2009). To study a child's development then, we must look not only at the child and her immediate environment but also at the interaction of the larger environment as well. He described how the inherited characteristics of any given infant interact with the environment to determine infant development and growth. He said that it is very crucial to study a child in many environment (Sigelman et al., (2016). An infant finds themselves in different environments, home environment moving towards big school environment. Conclusion Ruby is a young girl whose parent should watch more closely every time to prevent any kind of fixation. From the critical study of the girl it is evident that, theories that are put in publicized materials are in line with the study that was done. It is of great importance for everybody under parenting process to understand the theories of child development. This will help in healthy parenting strategies that will enhance proper stage development of a child up to adulthood. Growth development of the child can be linked clearly with the theories of child development. References Garvis, S., Nislev, E. (2017). Mathematics with Infants and Toddlers. InEngaging Families as Children's First Mathematics Educators(pp. 33-46). Springer, Singapore. Levykh, M. G. (2008). The affective establishment and maintenance of Vygotskys zone of proximal development.Educational theory,58(1), 83-101. Kramer, M. S., Aboud, F., Mironova, E., Vanilovich, I., Platt, R. W., Matush, L., Collet, J. P. (2008). Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial.Archives of general psychiatry,65(5), 578-584. Sigelman, C.K., Rider, E.A., De George-Walker, L. (2016). Life span human development. (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic, Australia: Cengage Learning. Tudge, J. R., Mokrova, I., Hatfield, B. E., Karnik, R. B. (2009). Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner's bio ecological theory of human development.Journal of Family Theory Review,1(4), 198-210.

Gandhi, A Great Leader Essays - Gandhism, Ascetics, Gujarati People

Gandhi, A Great Leader Few men have ever had as much of an effect on our world as Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948), though he used the message of peace and love, rather than war and destruction. One time a prominent lawyer in South Africa, Gandhi gave up practicing law and returned to India in order to help ease the suffering of the repressed people of his homeland. Gandhi's love for people and his religious fervor made him a revolutionary in many of his ideas and actions. He desired to see India freed from British rule in a bloodless revolution, similar to the Glorious Revolution of Seventeenth Century England. Knowing that violence only begets violence, he began the practicing of passive resistance, or as he called it, Satyagraha which means holding onto truth. In his famous Salt March of 1930, Gandhi and thousands of others marched to a coast where salt lay on the beaches to protest the British Governments' prohibition against the Indians making their own salt. Though many were beaten, arrested and killed, no one fought back. Over the course of his life he led three major crusades, rallied support for nonviolent strikes, urged Indians to boycott anything British, and championed women's rights. Gandhi exemplified many characteristics of a great leader. His love for the people of India was boundless; he wanted nothing more than to serve and help them. Always putting others above himself, he sought to make himself even lower than the lowest member of the Hindu caste system. He even humbled himself to the point of sweeping up excrement left behind by others, hoping to teach that disease was spread in filth. One of his most admirable qualities was that he led by example and never preached that which he was not willing to do himself. A common thread between Gandhi and many other great leaders was that no matter what he did, he did it to the best of his ability. He once said: No matter how insignificant the thing you have to do, do it as well as you can, give it as much of your care and attention as you would give to the thing you regard as most important. For it will be by those things that you shall be judged. He gave up his life and material possessions, fasted, toiled and suffered for his people and their cause. He showed that passiveness is not synonymous with weakness, and became a leader in the truest sense of the word. Perhaps Gandhi's greatest contribution to the world continued long after his assassination in 1948. Few realize that had it not been for his influence, we may have never witnessed in this country Martin Luther King Junior's I have a dream speech, the lunch counter sit-ins, Rosa Parks, or Nelson Mandela's struggle against antiapartheid oppression in South Africa. These people and many more who have followed in his footsteps bear witness to Gandhi's leadership ability and his legacy that will continue for many centuries to come.

The Possibility of Time Travel Essay Example

The Possibility of Time Travel Essay Example The Possibility of Time Travel Essay The Possibility of Time Travel Essay Essay Topic: The Time Machine The possibility of time travel Introduction Although the study of time travel is a fairly new topic of scientific and philosophical investigation, it is so well-known because of different literature, films and stories in our daily life. It is believe that most locals have got access to at least one such production related to time travel. Yet, the possibility of time travel is still a question mark to them. Is it possible to have a time travel? The answer is definitely yes. Although not every scientist agrees with the answer, supporters of relativity would also be supporters of time travel. Moreover, some scientists or philosophers give explanations to the paradoxes and make the answer almost certain. In this article, we give a clear explanation to some kinds of time travel with high possibility such as time travel to the future. For time travel to the past, we discuss the possibility and point out the impossibility of some counter arguments as well as the contradiction of some ‘paradoxes’. Definition Among lots of definitions of time travel, David Lewis’s version is easy for everyone to understand. An object time travels if and only if the difference between its departure and arrival times in the surrounding world does not equal the duration of the journey undergone by the object (1). Although the definition of the phrase ‘surrounding world’ is indefinite, we give such definition: the environment at sea level on the Earth. Yet, things are not clear. What is time? Philosophers offer a few explanations such as eternalism, possibilism, and presentism(2). Eternalism and possibilism give same explanation for the past and present The eternalist thinks that time, correctly understood, is a fourth dimension essentially constitutive of reality together with space. All times, past, present and future, are actual times just like all points distributed in space are actual points in space, while possibilism suggests that future is the only possible. They are in fact the determinism and indeterminism version of the similar theories. The presentist thinks that only temporally present objects are real. Whatever is, exists now. The past was, but exists no longer; the future will be, but does not exist yet. ’(3) Therefore, the past does not exist and we cannot travel to the past. We would put presentist aside and consider eternalism (or possibly possibilism). The above gives the concept of time-flow. Yet, the time-flow of a person might not be the same with the others. Time could distinguish from physical time or external time (which we defi ne as the time at the surrounding world) and personal time or inner time. Put this into the definition of time travel, we could get the combination: An object time travels if and only if the inner time during the journey is different from the external time(4). To be more detail, if the inner time is longer than the external time, we call it ‘time travel to the past’, while we called it ‘time travel to the future’ for the opposite. Relativity and time travel It is important to understand general relativity before studying this issue. In Newtonian gravity, which we usually learn in high school, the source of gravity is mass(5). In special relativity, we replace the term mass with more accurate terms, including energy, momentum densities, pressure and shear, called energy-momentum tensor(6). Using the equivalence principle, this tensor could curve space-time since time and distance are not the invariance but the speed of light is. This breaks many people’s common sense. The distance and time are not fixed but variable when under different gravitational force or experiencing different ‘speed’. The theory shows that if the gravitational force and the speed change, the inner time could also change and the way of time travel is to change the force and the speed(7). This is explained in later chapter. Real case of relativity in daily life Do you believe that we could have time travel by a bus? It is possible. Assuming the bus is moving at 70km/h and by definition the speed of light is constant, the inertial frame of the bus passenger is moving relative to a standing pedestrian acting as a stationary inertia frame. Put it in this way. The lights observed by the pedestrian on the road and from the bus are all at speed c. The lights observed by the passenger from the bus are also at speed c. Yet, we must not forget the fact that the passenger is at 70km/h going at the same way of the light from the bus. By common sense, the passenger should observe the light going at speed (c-70km/h) but he does not. Who takes this 70km/h away? In fact, no one take it. That’s because the passenger is experiencing a time travel, which is called ‘time dilation’ by Einstein (8). That the time on the bus is a bit slower than the time of a person in stationary inertia makes two people see the same speed of light. After a trip from Lingnan University to my home, I should be a few picoseconds (1nanosecond=1000picoseconds) younger than I should have. Moreover, such daily usage of time differences happen everyday. For example, the clock on GPS satellites is affected by both different speed and gravitational force relative to the clock at sea level in stationary state. By special relativity, it experiences a future time travel of 7. 2 microseconds per day according to its high rotational speed. By general relativity, it experiences a past time travel of 45. 9microseconds per day according to its ‘lost’ of gravitational force because of its high altitude. Therefore, the clock of the satellites should be 38. microseconds slower than a normal clock per day(9). ‘Real’ time travel to the future Although the above cases are real cases in most senses, people would argue that it’s not the ‘real’ time travel as they cannot observe the case obviously. ‘Can I jump into a machine for a while and the external time goes fast forward for several years? ’ This is people’s imaginatio n. Since we have the empirical prove from the GPS satellites, the problem is not the possibility but the degree of the travel. In my, as an art student’s, erspective, the easiest way would be using an extraordinarily extremely fast space shuttle to move toward a remote planet with an extraordinarily extremely strong gravitational force, rotate around it and move back to the Earth. After a yearly trip, he would probably saw his granddaughter breathing her last after aging. ‘Real’ time travel to the past This is a bit harder for we human being. Same as above, the question ‘can I jump into a machine for a while and the external time goes fast backward for several years’ could be asked. It is suggested that we could do it in some ways, which all of them are only hypothetically applicable. First, we could use a moving machine which could move faster than light. According to special relativity, if an object or information could move from one point to another faster than light, it could have moved backward in time(10). Second, we could use wormholes(11). The theories behide are out of a philosophy student’s handle. Yet, it is proved by Einstein field equations of general relativity and openly discussed by some professionals such as Stephen Hawking. The limitation is that we could only go back to the day the time machine built(12). Time travel and Philosophy While the possibility of time travel is proven by physical theories, what is related to philosophy? Although scientists have spotted out the physics theories behind, something is still unable to explain by science. For example, presentism (which we put aside before and probably after this sentence) suggest that we could not travel to a destination which does not exist. Moreover, if I can prove myself exist, who can prove the existence of the future me standing in front of me? At the same time, the physics affects some definition of philosophical theories. According to possibilism, our past and present are actual times but our future is the only possible. Says that 07:00 of 07/07/2007 an object was disturbed at a particular position, would a time travel to past before 07:00 of 07/07/2007, says 06:00 of 06/06/2006 of one make the time 07:00 of 07/07/2007 become possible from actual for him? In another word, change the history? Even if determinism exists, if an object is determined to go back to some time before, would it replace or affect the before it? Since questions arose in many senses, paradoxes appeared. The grandfather paradox(13) and similar The paradox is this: suppose a man travelled back in time and killed his biological grandfather before the latter met the travelers grandmother. As a result, one of the travelers parents (and by extension the traveller himself) would never have been conceived. This would imply that he could not have travelled back in time after all, which means the grandfather would still be alive, and the traveller would have been conceived allowing him to travel back in time and kill his grandfather. Thus each possibility seems to imply its own negation. Similar paradoxes came out like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. The simplest one is that one goes back to the past and kill the past him. Will he exist anymore? Philosopher Bradley Dowden even makes his argument with these paradoxes(14). He wrote that: â€Å"Nobody has ever built a time machine that could take a person back to an earlier time. Nobody should be seriously trying to build one, either, because a good argument exists for why the machine can never be built. The argument goes like this: suppose you did have a time machine right now, and you could step into it and travel back to some earlier time. Your actions in that time might then prevent your grandparents from ever having met one another. This would make you not born, and thus not step into the time machine. So, the claim that there could be a time machine is self-contradictory. † The solution of this paradox could simply ask a local kid as the cartoon ‘Doreamon’ is so popular among kids. â€Å"If you use the ‘If Telephone’ to change the world, the world could return to normal if and only if you use the telephone again in the same (parallel) world(15). † answered by a kid in the local playground. The parallel universe is a new topic to scientists but an old topic for fiction and animation. Let’s put it this way: Assume there is a person Tom. The present Tom is the real Tom in the present world, named world A. Since time is irreversible, Tom’s grandfather has met Tom’s grandmother and so on. It is an actual case happened in this world A. If you go back to a place where that particular case would still be a possible future, that particular world must not be world A but a parallel world, named world B. Even if Tom kill that ‘grandfather’ before he would have met his wife, Tom would only prevent the existence of Tom in that parallel world B but not the Tom in the original world A. Existence of parallel universe One may question: does parallel universe exist? No matter it exists or not, the grandfather paradox is still meaningless if we are clear-headed. Assume that it exists; it is obviously no more a paradox. If it does not exist, Tom could never go back to a time before he could be since by something past is actual and irreversible by definition. The past cannot be changed by definition since no parallel world could be changed by him. He will never succeed and therefore it is no more a paradox. The only ‘change’ (would it still called a change? could be done by a ‘future object’ must have been past and become an actual time just like everything is determined and becomes a history, while some people would still called it a paradox named Predestination paradox but it is something determinism could explain. Conclusion Although the paper does not mention some related theories, it included most physical and philosophical theories needed to cover this topic generally. In this topic, physicists and philosophers affect each other and new ideas spark every moment. The philosophical theories give idea to physicists and hysics theories change the mind of philosophers. In conclude, a time travel to the future is possible. Similar events occur everyday. A time travel to the past is partially possible. For those who is just travel relatively past to the external time but still future comparing with the time of depart, such time travel is possible. Similar events happen occur everyday. For those travel which the arriving destination is before the departure time, a parallel universe should be exist or the ‘past’ should already be determined. Otherwise, such travel may not exist. References 1: Lewis, David. 1976. The paradoxes of time travel. American Philosophical Quarterly. 2: Hunter, Joel. 2004. Time Travel. Philosophy of Science ( iep. utm. edu/category/s-l-m/science/) 3: ^[2] 4: ^[3] 5: Arnold, V. I. 1989, Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Springer, Chapter 1. 6: Gott, J. Richard. 2001. Time Travel in Einstein’s Universe: The Physical Possibilities of Travel Through Time. Houghton Mifflin. 7: ^[6] 8: Einstein, Albert. 2004. Relativity : the Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein. Project Gutenberg ( gutenberg. org/etext/5001) 9: Rizos, Chris. 1999. GPS Satellite Signals. University of New South Wales. 10: ^ a b Jarrell, Mark. 2006. The Special Theory of Relativity: ( physics. uc. edu/~jarrell/COURSES/ELECTRODYNAMICS/Chap11/chap11. pdf) 11: Thorne, Kip S. 1994. Black Holes and Time Warps. W. W. Norton. 12: ^[11] 13: ^ Barjavel, Rene. 1943. Le voyageur imprudent (The Imprudent Traveller). 14: Bradley Dowden. 1993. Logical Reasoning. International Thomson Publishing 15: . F.. 1984. 5 .

Budget analysis of RDBS Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Budget analysis of RDBS Corporation - Essay Example The essay discusses that a budget is a manuscript that translates plans into money. It is a financial plan where the estimation of expenditure and revenue is done. The budget is an estimate, forecast about what you will need in fiscal terms to do your work. The budget is the most important tool in the business. It is almost impossible to run a business without having the budget. Budgeting is the process of preparing the budget, where the operational plans are the plans for real work. At the time of budget preparation, trade-offs and prioritization with program are ought to be made to make sure that the budget fits government policies and priorities. The cost effective variants which should be the best option for the organization must be selected. At last, the means of rising operational efficiency, which is effective, must be sought. None of these can be fulfilled unless financial constraints are built into the course from the starting. Budgeting is very responsible and difficult job . So, all the companies always depend on the experts in the field for preparing the budget. Incremental budgeting is a budgeting method where the budget is organized using a preceding period’s budget or else actual performance as a foundation with incremental amounts added for the new budget period. In the incremental budgeting, the actual performance of the company in the last months is taken into consideration and appropriate changes will be made for better result in upcoming months. This budgeting method encourages the spending of money up to the budget. Benefits that can be Realized from a Budgetary Control System: Maximization of Profit: The budgetary control system has an aim at the maximization of profits of the project. To attain this objective, a suitable plan and co-ordination of various functions are to be conducted. There is appropriate control over a diverse capital and revenue expenditures. The available resources are put into the best uses. Co-Ordination: Bette r co-ordination always results better profits. The functioning of the various units and sectors is correctly co-ordinate as a result of budgetary control system. The co-ordination of different executives and subordinates is essential for attaining the targets as specified in budgets. Tool for Measuring Performance: By giving the specific aims to various departments, budgetary control acts as a tool for measuring performance of companies. The fixed targets are compared to actual achievements and deviations are taken into consideration. Economy: The setting up of expenses will be methodical and there will be optimum economy in spending. The money will be put to use on the best. The ultimate benefits will go to the nation and it will be a national profit. The national assets will be used cost-effectively and wastage will be reduced. Consciousness: The budgetary control system helps in creating budget consciousness among the employees. By setting up targets for the workers, the system t ries to make the employees responsible towards their jobs. Every person knows what he is anticipated to do and he can do his work without any interruption. Reduces Costs: Now days, the business is so competitive and the role of budgetary control is significant. All the businessmen try to diminish the cost of manufacturing and rising sales. They will try to have those perfect mixtures of products where profitability is at the maximum. â€Å"The budget process consists of activities that encompass the development, implementation, and evaluation of a plan for the provision of services and capital

MARKETING PLAN FOR PGI COMPANY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

MARKETING PLAN FOR PGI COMPANY - Essay Example Number of words 1482 (excluding appendices/bibliographies and tables) Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTERVIEW AND ANSWERS 5 INTERVIEW SUMMARY 12 DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION 13 GENDER SEGMENTATION 13 AGE SEGMENTATION 14 BEHAVIORAL SEGMENTATION 15 BEHAVIORAL SEGMENTATION SUMMARY 16 MARKETING MIX 16 CUSTOMER AUDIT 18 OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS 18 INTERNAL AUDIT 19 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 19 MACRO ECONOMIC AUDIT 20 MACRO ECONOMIC SUMMARY 21 MICRO ENVIRONMENT AUDIT 21 MICRO ENVIRONMENT AUDIT SUMMARY 22 MISSION 23 EXTERNAL FACTOR (EXTERNAL AUDIT) 23 INTERNAL FACTOR (INTERNAL AUDIT) 23 COMPETITOR AUDIT 24 COMPETITOR AUDIT SUMMARY 24 SWOT ANALYSIS 24 TOWS ANALYSIS 26 MARKETING OBJECTIVES 27 STRATEGY THRUST 27 ANSOFF MATRIX 27 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 28 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE SUMMARY 29 CORE STRATEGY 29 CORE STRATEGY SUMMARY 30 MARKETING MIX DECISION 30 MARKETING PLAN CONTROL 31 CONTROL 31 CONTIGENCY PLAN 32 PGI MARKETING PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PGI is an insurance broker that specializes in motor vehicl e insurance only. The company is now considering expanding its offerings by introducing a general household insurance policy to existing customers. The company has established links with affinity groups such as trade unions which give it access to more than 5 million customers. The target market consists of homeowners across all gender and age segments. The primary needs of the market are price, service and information. This report analyzes the industry and the competitive position of PGI within the industry to recommend a price skimming marketing strategy. INTERVIEW AND ANSWERS Stage 1: Cut and Paste Questions Interviewee 1 Male 46yrs Interviewee 2 Female 56yrs Interviewee 3 Male 25yrs Interviewee 4 Female 23yrs Interviewee 5 Male 61yrs Interviewee 6 Female 43yrs Interviewee 7 Female 63yrs Interviewee 8 Male 48yrs Q1 Would you be prepared to buy a household contents policy from a group which you are a member of? Yes I already get my car insurance from my Trade Union so why not my c ontents policy No I get my contents insurance from my mortgage lender, I thought I had to as they gave me the money. Yes why not, so long as they are competitively priced. Well currently I get my contents insurance from the web, the site searches 20 insurance companies for the best deal. I do have to input my requirements though. So if my staff association had a similar arrangement then I would think about it. Yes from my union but I can’t see it from the Train spotting club. What about when I retire though? No, I like to buy insurance from people who know about insurance, I mean does my trade union know anything about insurance? I don’t think so! Yes from my union but really I use my local insurance broker –they take all the hassle out of buying. What about when I retire though? Yes, why not if they can get me a good deal –must be able to get a bulk discount, I mean my trade union has over 1 million members now. Q2 What would you expect to find in a hous ehold contents policy? Well the contents of my house insured of course! But I would want my portable belongings insured outside of the house in case I lose them or had them stolen, I’d like the kids belongings insured too, especially the eldest while he is at university. I don’t know, how about the obvious, like my contents insured against lose due to fire, accidental damage, theft etc. Oh and outside the house as well. Well, accidental loss cover, the usual fire and theft that’s about it. Just fire and theft mainly. Just like the basic cover. Don’t want to spend too much money. The usual fire, theft, accidental damage, legal expenses insurance and all those telephone help lines –you know the repair, tradesman-sourcing etc. Oh just everything covered really,

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Platos Political Theories Philosophy Essay

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Platos Political Theories Philosophy Essay Plato, student of Socrates, and Aristotle, student of Plato, two of the most influential philosophers to have ever walked the earth, take two completely different approaches whilst talking about the formation of city states and epistemology itself. Plato primarily defined the nature of things in theoretical terms through metaphysics, in contrast to actual terms. Thus by looking to the higher forms he aimed to explain the function of existing knowledge and understandings in the search for the absolute truth. On the other hand Aristotle was more concerned with the actual physical features of nature, for the most part the Natural Sciences. The foremost divisions can be seen in the contrasting opinions between them primarily concerning eternal ideas, forms and causes and their relation to change, and the role of observing and explaining through the utilisation of the senses. Through their different approaches regarding the nature of man, both Plato and Aristotle sought to explain the rel ationship between the individual and society and furthermore the requirement of government to uphold order and stability. Platos ideal city-state, which he refers to in his dialogue in the Republic as the kallipolis, and Aristotles concept of the ideal relationship between the social order and government in an actual city state are contrasting not with regards to the end and purpose which they sought to fulfil, the telos, but instead over the proposed way in which they sought to meet that telos. These differing objections can be explained by the abstract and theoretical ideologies of Plato contrasting and clashing with Aristotles scientific and actual ideologies. To be able to further understand and contest the parameters of Platos kallipolis, we must first seek to understand the bare foundations of Platos theoretical ideology. At the origins of mans search for knowledge is the Theory of Forms that states that every single material thing is in fact a representation of the real thing: the form. Most people are actually unable to see the forms, merely the representation of the form, the shadow. This is how Plato makes a distinction between the material world that us humans live in and the ideal world of eternal forms. His world of forms is not a different reality, but instead an outline by which material objects are created. This can be seen most prominently in Platos Parable of the Cave from book VII of The Republic. Â   Behold! human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light; here these people have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised walk; and you will see, if you look a low wall built along the walk, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets.'(514A-B The Republic) The prisoners watch the shadows projected on the wall and begin to attribute forms to these shadows, the shadows are as close to viewing reality that these ordinary men will get to viewing reality. He then goes on to say that a philosopher is much like a prisoner who freed from the cave comes to realise and understand that in fact the shadows on the cave wall are not constitutive of reality at all, for they are now able to recognize the true form of reality instead of the simple shadows that the prisoners see. From this Plato explains that our senses cannot be trusted when observing and goes on to conclude that the only way of realising absolute truth is through reason. This ability to recognise and understand the true forms of things is the central concept that establishes who holds the ruling powers in his kallipolis. After having determined that it was in fact possible to form an ideal city state, Plato then looks to chose a government that would rule both justly and firmly. Firstly he discusses the reasons for which people would desire to form a state and keep within its rules. Plato states that it is not the desire of man to form a state, instead it is an inevitable need of man, for man is not self sufficient and therefore needs to live in an organised society, and that each person has a natural talent for a certain area of work and should seek to develop it further for the benefit of the state. Plato embodies the natural inequality of humanity, the origin of the state, in the division of labour. Well then, how will our state supply these needs? It will need a farmer, a builder, and a weaver, and also, I think, a shoemaker and one or two others to provide for our bodily needs. So that the minimum state would consist of four or five men. (369d The Republic) He then goeson to say that the necessity to divide labour with accordance to specializations was prescribed by nature rather than decided by man. Because Platos state is based almost entirely on abstract ideas of both knowledge and nature, his approach to politics and government itself is more theoretical than actual. Therefore if a city seeks to uphold stability it must be ruled by those that are in possession of true knowledge, philosopher kings. Aristotle has objections to the very foundation of Platos kallipolis. Due to his more grounded approach more actual than theoretical in nature, Aristotle argues that man does not seek to make a state simply because it is essential due to man not being self sufficient, instead it is because of an innate instinct. He goes on to argue that the state in fact existed in nature before it was discovered by man, and that a human being is by nature a political animal, and anyone who is without a city-state'(1253a Politics)is not a man. Even in mans most primitive form, mans nature forces him to realise his role within a given city, or polis. It is in fact mans self preservation instincts that directs to the organization of the masses, attempting to avoid conflict. Thus politics through a formal government was a means by which to resist chaos: it is not as Plato believes a thing of forms, rather it is an innate instinct of man. Platos kallipolis had within it ideas of a strong unified community and conformity. Aristotle states that Platos assumption that the people can be as unified as he believes they must be in his kallipolis is entirely unrealistic. He rejects complete uniformity and conformity, describing the potential dangers in terms of the relationships between the state and the household, and the household and the individual, arguing that the more uniform a city state is, the more it will resemble a household and eventually even an individual. He goes on to conclude that a city-state is not a natural unity in the way some people say it is, and that what has been alleged to be the greatest good for the city-states destroys them. (Politics 1261b). When man is responsible for his own crops and home within a community, the effort and pride placed into the upkeep of them is massive. However in a community where there are a lot of shared goods very little effort is put in, because the thought that someon e else is attending to it makes them neglect it the more (Politics 1261b 30) and ultimately the city state is reliant upon a broad variety of people and services. The differences between Plato and Aristotles ways which they select their governments rullers an be attributed in part to Aristotles outright rebuffal of the kallipolis. Plato states that for a city to be ideal it has to be just and good, and that goodcan only be realised if the city is lead by people able to see the true forms of things and understand true knowledge. Ultimately philosophers must become kings, or kings must become philosophers, known as the guardian class. The rules selected by these guardian kings would be enforced by the Auxiliaries class, men of courage and intelligence, whilst the majority of people would make up the lower end of society, the producer class. His kallipolis is best described as an aristocracy, something Aristotle greatly disagrees with as he rejects the idea that those elite few with absolute truth will be the rulers of governments. Aristotle instead seeks to create a perfect relationship between the government and social order, looking most prolifically at balance when determining where the power of government would lie, whether it be in the hands of few or the masses. First he looked at whether or not the proposed leaders would govern for their own self interests or for good of the polis, separating the candidates into the three parts of the city state: the very rich, the very poor; and , third, those in between these. (Politics 295b) Aristotle determined that the poor do not know how to rule, but only how to be ruled in the way slaves are ruled'(Politics 295b) and that the rich do not know how to be ruled in any way, but only know how to rule as masters rule. (Politics 295b) Aristotle then goes on to determine that the middle class should form the ruling body because it reduces the chances of divisions because the middle do not desire other peoples property as the poor do, nor do other people desire theirsAnd because they are neither plotted against nor engage in plotting. (Politics 295b). Comparing the two proposed city states and governments it is clear that there is more to Aristotles objections to the parable of the cave: it is not just regarding the matter of the elite few being masters of the slaves that are the masses, but how the actual power is obtained. Plato believed that man could achieve absolute truth only by consideration of the eternal forms, not through observations and experiences. Aristotle instead shifted away from this view and instead used observations and experiences to pursue his goal of achieving knowledge. Famously Aristotle is thought of as the father of biology, his great encyclopaedia of knowledge and observations still influence the academics of today. Because the world is constantly changing, Aristotle determined that absolute knowledge is not possible, a stark contrast to Platos views, believing that through observing the material things, one could understand its underlying form. I personally believe that Aristotles way of viewing things is more effective simply because it is more realistic and down to earth, he is not always thinking of hypothetical forms like Plato, instead he is observing their real embodiments and coming to conclusions.

An Argument Against Breed-Specific Legislation Essay -- Argumentative,

The term â€Å"breed-specific legislation† is not one that comes up often in day-to-day discussion for most people. Breed-specific legislation refers to all laws that seek to restrict or eliminate ownership of certain animal breeds, most often dog breeds. It was first conceived as a method of controlling and reducing animal cruelty, as well as mitigating the occurrence of dog-related human injuries and the illegal activities of dog-fighting and related crimes. Breed-specific legislation is distinct from animal control laws that restrict ownership of wild or demonstrably dangerous (those with a past history of unacceptable, aggressive behavior) animals, because breed-specific legislation makes a blanket restriction on all animals of a certain breed regardless of individual history. This means that breed-specific legislation is often promulgated on the basis of breed reputation. In recent years it is the pit bull which has come under the scrutiny of legislative bodies, as their reputation becomes more and more sullied by street crime. To say â€Å"pit bull,† however, is a vague reference to several pit bull types, which are considered separate breeds by registries like the American Kennel Club (AKC). Each type has a slightly different breeding history; many began with the breeding of bulldogs with terriers to produce a loyal, compact and tenacious breed (â€Å"American Pit Bull Terrier†). The standard three pit bull types most often mentioned by name in breed-specific legislation include the American Pit Bull Terrier, the American Staffordshire Terrier, and the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. That is not the extent of the legislation, however, which also includes dogs that â€Å"substantially conform to the breed standards established by the American Ken... ...e 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. Cohen, Judy, and John Richardson. â€Å"Pit Bull Panic.† Journal of Popular Culture 36.2 (2002): 297. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Dog Bite: Fact Sheet.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC, 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Dogfighting Fact Sheet.† The Humane Society of the United States. 2 Nov. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2010. Melvindale, Mich., Municipal Code art. II,  § 4-137 (1990). Perry, April M. â€Å"Guilt by Saturation: Media Liability for Third-party Violence and the Availability Heuristic.† Northwestern University Law Review 97.2 (2003): 1045. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. â€Å"The Truth About Pit Bulls.† ASPCA. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. â€Å"U.S. Dog Bite Fatalities January 2006 to December 2008.† DogsBite. 20 Apr. 2009. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.

Sample Imc Plan

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This integrated marketing communications plan outlines communication tactics that will be used to raise awareness & to introduce Azimuth Watch Company's new range of products to the public. This IMC plan will be used to achieve the marketing ; communications objectives of this plan, as well as address some of the issues ; challenges surrounding the introduction ; success of this new range ; the company by discussing key areas such as brand positioning, pricing strategies ; targeting.II INTRODUCTION Azzimuth Watch Company strives to provide their customers with timeless pieces hemmed with exquisite ; detailed designs with excellent quality to boot. Since its genssis in 2003, a few product lines have been released but the desired reception was unachieved. Azzimuth Watch Company has to be repositioned ; branded in such a way that potential customers will receive ; understand.By introducing the target marketing process ; various specific elements of which, such as th e identifying of unfulfilled needs, market segmentation, selection of a target market ; positioning, the examination of Azzimuth Watch Company's marketing process can be done properly to identify how else to better its branding effectiveness to eventually obtain the goal of penetrating the market with desired results. As such, Azzimuth can grow into a leading brand for its products, delivering effectively what they have planned. III COMPANY PROFILEBased in Singapore since 2003, Azzimuth Watch Company has its products manufactured in Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded on the concept to design, manufacture & distribute a wide range of quality wristwatches to complement any individual's selected lifestyle. Tied closely with what an azimuth is, it plays up to the concept in which it is used in many practical applications, such as astronomy, mapping ; navigation. Azzimuth is heavily influenced by science ; how it explains the way almost everything in the world works, ; its aim is to pro duce wristwatches that are adaptable to different cultures with the irm basis of science ; logic. Azzimuth represents a philosophy of the blending of science ; lifestyle-in many different ways possible. IV. SITUATION ANALYSIS 4. 1 SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. Only company with unique philosophy of blending science ; lifestyle with timepieces. 2. Products are made in Switzerland. 3. varied offerings to diverse segments with a clear cut positioning 4. international tie-ups with Tommy Hilfiger Weaknesses: 1. Lack of huge media campaign even after 8 years of its launch 2. Higher prices compared to other brands like Swatch or Casio. 3.Current survey reveal more focus on expansion than quality 4. brand equity is not created Opportunity: 1. Increase in demand for luxury goods in a fast-paced ; advancing country like Singapore 2. Presence of a monopoly, being the first ; only Singapore based luxury watch company in this country. Threats: 1. Premium international watch brands such as Citizen, ; Omega entered in Singapore. 2. Mobile phones acting as substitutes for watches. 3. As Singaporean market is widely open to importations, it will be difficult for local players to maintain a sustainable growth. . Customer satisfaction level below competitors 5. Expansive advertisements ; promotions done by competitors. 4. 2 Competitor Analysis Two such competitors that Azzimuth is facing are Citizen ; Omega. These 2 brands are well known for being a few of the world's largest producers of watches. The Citizen Skyhawk A-T line of watches features Radio Controlled Timekeeping. The watches can synchronize with radio clocks in Japan, North America, and Europe and will automatically select the correct frequency for doing so based upon location of home time zone.Citizen watches also incorporates the eco-drive technology which means that their watches will never require batteries. Omega also has its reputation for having been NASA's choice of watches ; was also the first watch on the moo n in 1969. It has also been the official timekeeping device for the Olympic Games since 1932. A large number of celebrities have also been endorsed by Omega, such as Daniel Craig, George Clooney, Zhang ZIyi ; Cindy Crawford. Both companies also focus on manufacturing timepieces ; have managed to uncover various product ranges with a very wide product line choice.As such, what these companies have done for themselves grants them the competitive advantage over Azzimuth. 4. 3 Current Marketing What the marketing efforts of Azzimuth Watch Company are lacking of are a stronger character ; identity. Its current advertising efforts consists only of print media on public spaces, such as bus stops, magazines ; newspapers. A few magazines have written print reviews or articles on Azzimuth's products & the danger in such is that magazine publications might place their products next to another competitor's product. By doing so, consumers might tend to compare the products.The only few publicati ons that have been approached for page space for Azzimuth are Style, 8 Days. I-Weekly ; The Newpaper. The limited amount of advertising space may hinder Azzimuth's original message from being brought across. By having only print advertisements, there is only so much of Azzimuth's message that are revealed to consumers. A good written review might not be as believable if the company's identity & character is not made prominent & consumer awareness is not high. 4. 4 Statement of Problems There are a lot of problems that Azzimuth is facing right now in respect to its marketing communication efforts.These problems hinder Azzimuth from excelling & becoming the ideal brand that they wish due to the loopholes in their MC efforts. The few such problems are: i) poor brand awareness ii)poor brand identity iii)heavy competition against other established brands iv)poor marketing positioning Due to limited marketing efforts, Azzimuth is not able to raise its brand awareness. The poor placing of the brand (& in advertisements) also hinders potential target consumers from being exposed to their products. The brand itself is then unable to be prominent in the horology industry.When unable to position itself evidently in the horology industry & in consumer's minds, Azzimuth then fails to achieve its desired goals, driving the company down an negative path. V. Marketing Objectives The few objectives that Azzimuth Watch Company is looking to achieve are as follows: i) Efficiently establishing a strong brand identity in the Singaporean market ii) Increasing brand awareness ii) Introduce new range of products efficiently in Singaporean market iv) Incorporate Corporate Social Responsibility v) Achieve sales of 12,000 units of new range of products within the year 2012If planned strategically ; marketing communications is utilised effectively, these objectives can be brought about. Current awareness of Azzimuth in Singapore is very low as it is not recognized easily ; consumers do n ot easily identify with the brand ; its products. When the brand awareness is raised, the amount of sales ; profits will most definitely increase. On top of that, people will be able to recognise the brand, improving its reputation. A strong brand identity also allows for consumers to retain ; deem the brand credible.If Azzimuth succeeds in sending a strong visual message used throughout all their business ; marketing communications will keep them a step ahead of their competition. Having a consistent visual identity throughout all of their business ; marketing communications will have them at the forefront of existing ; potential consumers' minds when they have a need for Azzimuth's products or services. Stability can also be achieved if Azzimuth successfully develops a functional brand identity as it gives the impression that their business is dedicated to the horology industry that they serve.Essentially, the main marketing objective is to introduce ; position accurately the new range of Azzimuth products in the local market ; eventually hit a sales figure of 12,000 timepieces in 2012. VI. STRATEGY ; IMPLEMENTATION The contemplated strategy for Azzimuth Watch Company is to put its marketing communications options to the best use by first effectively introducing ; implementing itself into the market, caving its position in the consumers' minds, & finally, its new range of products. 6. 1 Target AudienceBy target audience profiling, it will help Azzimuth make better, more consistent costumer decisions about how to best market & sell. It also makes it possible for the staff to treat customers more consistently because everyone is working from the same comprehensive knowledge. When Azzimuth determines its target audience, it can scale their marketing communication efforts thus customise the intended message to their target audience effectively. The prime target audience of Azzimuth are the opulent individuals who afford & prefer to indulge in luxury products as a lifestyle choice.These individuals include working class females & males with an annual income ranging from S$80, 000 & above. An ideal advertising medium for this target audience would be the internet as these individuals are also busy professionals in their respective fields. Due to their hectic work & social schedules, it is not likely for them to pick up local lifestyle magazines that are catered for the average market. 6. 2 Brand Image & Positioning As a luxury watchmaker, Azzimuth faces intense competition from other established watch brands such as Rolex, Tag Heuer, Swatch etc.By having a unique brand image, Azzimuth will be able to separate itself from other brand peers, hence establishing itself as a unique section of the market. According to Jay Ehret (2009), brands are not concrete; they are the thoughts, feelings & psychological relationships between a business & a customer, & that a brand is the foundation of all its marketing activities. Branding serves as a internal compass of focus & that if a business is clearly branded, it has an understanding of what it is about. Over time, a stronger business identity will be built.Azzimuth can adopt the brand image of a ‘science ; logic'. Despite close competitors having developed product lines with different motivations & philosophies, Azzimuth can be the first brand that emphasises the simple but fundamental philosophy of how things can be easily explained with science & logic. Rather than just being a simple luxury brand, playing up to this philosophy gives consumers a chance to associate themselves with products derived from intellect. Consumers usually purchase products with their emotions, rather than logically.With a strong branding image, Azzimuth can position themselves as the distinctive watchmaker that provides consumers with a wide range of luxury products made of high quality with a unique philosophy, setting them apart from other watchmakers in the Singaporean market. 6. 3 New Product s Azzimuth's new range of products caters to the pivot in their target consumers, focusing on minimalistic designs, with the motivation being that individuals from all walks of life can opt for a luxurious yet simple timepiece that eludes style. 6. Pricing Stratergy The pricing strategy for Azzimuth's new range of products is Mazimum Market Skimming. In this approach whereby Azzimuth sets a high price for its new high-end product so to obtain maximum revenue from the market before substitute products appear. This pricing strategy is ideal as it complements the luxurious image of the brand as it is unlikely for its target audience to prefer purchasing timepieces that are very lowly priced. The high price will set it apart from its peers by delivering the image of a exceptional product.VII. Recommended IMC Strategy With proper planning in advertising, consumers will be able to perceive a brand positively. Azzimuth has to take a multi-pronged approach to their advertising methods for i ts brand name to be rooted in the consumers' minds. The initial strategy is for Azzimuth to establish its brand identity, constitute its brand image ; finally, re-position themselves as a brand of luxury watches that are adaptable to different cultures with the firm basis of science ; logic.The proposed timeline for the execution of the recommended IMC strategy is 12 months, split into 3 phases. The first 4 months of the strategy will pay close attention to positioning the brand image in the hearts ; minds of consumers ; increasing brand awareness. Starting with a series of print advertisments carefully designed to appeal to their needs ; wants, this first phase's target is to re-position Azzimuth as a brand of timepieces with scientific philosophy & luxurious appeal.Concertedly with this launch of fresh print advertisements will be the implementation of product testimonials & placements. Celebrities like Beyonce will share their experiences on their preference for Azzimuth's produc ts, while the product will also be placed carefully in the movie series Ocean's Trilogy. Exposure of this product to millions of movie-watchers will ensure ample advertisement for it. The next trimester of the strategy will consist of a next series of print advertisements & TV commercials with similar outdoor print advertisements to follow.American actor & film producer Adrien Brody, who became the youngest actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor will be endorsed to portray Azzimuth as â€Å"The Ideal Option† for luxurious watches. Also included would be a TV commercial of Brody highlighting his preference for Azzimuth's product range. Similarly, Brody will be featured in an exclusive interview on Azzimuth's official webpage, speaking in-depth on his passion for exclusive luxury watches & the reason behind it & why Azzimuth is his ideal option. Finally, the last phase of this strategy traversing over 4 months ill involve the setting up of a segment on Azzimuth's officia l website, educating potential watch-buyers on what to look out for in their next purchase. A forum will also be set up separately for Azzimuth watch owners to share their product choices ; opinions. 7. 1 Broadcasting media: Product Placement The Ocean's Trilogy combines well-known elements from heist films & con artist films. Azzimuth will be able to increase its brand awareness by placing its brand in a highly popular movie that is watched by all ages & consumer groups worldwide. . 2 Print Advertising: Print Media Azzimuth is currently only utilising print media efforts in Direct Publicity & technical reviews. On top of the high possibility of its products being placed directly next to a competitor's, these reviews are written from a third-person perspective ; may not be ample for consumers to be convinced to purchase Azzimuth's products. Such reviews do not directly send the intended message to consumers, let alone communicate the brand's identity ; image.The placement of their r eviews are also only in lifestyle magazines that perhaps most established individuals do not peruse as they are used to their lifestyle whereby they peruse luxurious lifestyle magazines. Hence, Azzimuth Watch Company must design ; release a series of print advertisements on the correct portal to allow successful communications with their target audience. Fig 7: Impression of new Azzimuth Print Advertisement The tagline ‘Perfect Symmetry' collates ; sends across the message of Azzimuth's intended brand identity & image.The term ‘symmetry' implies Azzimuth's new range of products whereby minimalism takes place heavily. 7. 3 Celebrity Endorsements: Adrien Brody famous people eat, drink, travel, go shopping and generally behave like normal consumers, albeit ones with much greater spending power and the ability to influence the buying decisions of others simply by what they choose to buy for themselves. This aspirational effect, whereby people seek to emulate their favorite c elebrities, presents a golden opportunity for brands.Endorsing a celebrity provides two important things for Azzimuth: Aspiration ; Credibility. In today's competitive marketplace, a perceived celebrity endorsement can give Azzimuth the product or service the instant recognition & legitimacy that would normally take years to earn. Adrien Brody has built a successful reputation for himself by being the youngest winner for an Academy Award for Best Actor & also the only American that has won a french Cesar Award. He has also made his debut as a runway model for Prada. IX. ConclusionIn today's fast-paced environment, companies have to pay special attention to how they communicate with their target consumer groups. Consumers have developed a need for knowledge ; information before a purchase ; this has become a necessary process as consumers desire to know they are making a well-informed purchase. Hence, it is vital to comprehend their target consumer groups completely. With this inform ation, they can integrate a substantial ; suitable IMC plan to help companies branch out to their target audience ; be prepared for any consumer responses.

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